Chapter 1: Transportation Cyber-Physical System and its Importance for Future Mobility

OBJECTIVES

Introduction of Transportation Cyber-Physical System
Transportation Cyber-Physical System examples and its components
Transportation Cyber-Physical System for the future of mobility: Environmental and societal benefits
Challenges for Transportation Cyber-Physical System Adoption

INTRODUCTION OF TRANSPORTATION CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM

Definition of Cyber-Physical System as perceived in the United States:
- Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are integrations of computation and physical processes. Embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes, usually with feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa.
Definition of Cyber-Physical System as perceived in Europe:
- Cyber-Physical Systems are systems with embedded software (as part of devices, buildings, means of transport, transport routes, production systems, medical processes, logistic processes, coordination processes, and management processes), which:
  - directly record physical data using sensors and affect physical processes using actuators;
  - evaluate and save recorded data, and actively or reactively interact both with the physical and digital world;
  - are connected with one another and in global networks via digital communication facilities (wireless and/or wired, local and/or global);
  - use globally available data and services;
  - have a series of dedicated, multi-modal human-machine interfaces.

Types of TCPS	Physical Components	Cyber Components	Applications
Infrastructure-based TCPS	Traffic signals, infrastructure sensors such as cameras, computational devices in traffic management centre, etc.	Wired/wireless communication, software	Real-time infrastructure monitoring, traffic control, etc.
Vehicle-infrastructure coordinated TCPS	Vehicles and their associated sensors such as GPS, traffic signals, computational devices in traffic management centre, etc.	Wireless communication, software	Transit signal priority, queue warning, etc.
Vehicle-based TCPS	Sensing and computational devices inside the vehicles. Actuators such as gears, brakes, ignitor, etc.	Wireless communication, software such as those embedded in the electronic control units.	Proximity detection, black ice detection, etc.

Transport has the ability to act both as an enabler to tackle such challenges as mobility of the aging population and disaster management, while facilitating globalization and development, and as a contributor to challenges such as pollution, climate change, etc.
The transport sector is a major consumer of fossil fuels and a leading contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, with predictions showing that this sector will contribute to 30%-50% of all emissions by the year 2050.
The European Environmental Agency aims to reduce by 50% the number of vehicles running on conventional fuels, such as diesel and petrol, by 2030 and eliminate such vehicles by 2050.
Many TCPS solutions benefiting society, such as facilitating seamless travel, improved accessibility, and enhanced safety, are powered by the easy accessibility of data sources (such as data provided by public transport providers and data passively collected by mobile phone applications like Google Maps); availability of faster, reliable, and higher capacity communication networks; ubiquitous use of mobile phones; and easy availability of processing power, such as in the cloud.

CPSs are developing very fast, fueled by the availability of low-cost, low-power, high-quality sensors; abundant communication bandwidth and speed; and increasingly efficient computing devices.
However, this is a field that integrates expertise from a number of disciplines, such as control systems, communication networks, architecture, modeling and simulation, verification and validation, as well as human factors.